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This article is about SLR cameras in general. For digital SLR cameras, see Digital single-lens reflex camera.

The historic East GermanyContax S, 1949, the first pentaprism SLR for eye-level viewing

A single-lens reflex (SLR) camera is a camera that uses a semi-automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to sometimes see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging system, as opposed to pre-SLR cameras where the view through the viewfinder could be significantly different from what was captured on film.

Prior to the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one path through the lens to the film, and another path positioned above (TLR or twin-lens reflex) or to the side (rangefinder). Because the viewfinder and the film lens cannot share the same optical path, the viewing lens is aimed to intersect with the film lens at a fixed point somewhere in front of the camera. This is not problematic for pictures taken at a middle or longer distance but parallax causes framing errors in close-up shots. Moreover, focusing the lens of a non-reflex camera when it is opened to wider apertures (such as in low light or while using low-speed film) is not easy.

Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a pentaprism situated in the optical path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder. Light is reflected by a movable mirror upwards into the pentaprism where it is reflected several times until it aligns with the viewfinder. When the shutter is released, the mirror moves out of the light path and the light shines directly onto the film, or in the case of a DSLR, the CCD or CMOS imaging sensor.

Focus can be adjusted manually by the photographer or automatically by an autofocus system. The viewfinder can include a matte focusing screen located just above the mirror system to diffuse the light. This permits accurate viewing, composing and focusing, especially useful with interchangeable lenses.

Up until the 1990s, SLR was the most advanced photographic preview system available, but the recent development and refinement of digital imaging technology with an on-camera live LCD preview screen has overshadowed SLR's popularity. Nearly all inexpensive compact digital cameras now include an LCD preview screen allowing the photographer to see exactly what the CCD is capturing. However, SLR is still popular in high-end and professional cameras because they have interchangeable lenses and far less shutter lag, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely. Also the pixel resolution, contrast ratio, refresh rate, and color gamut of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity and shadow detail of a direct-viewed optical SLR viewfinder.

Contents 1Optical components of an SLR camera 2Shutter mechanisms 2.1Focal plane shutters 4History 8Disadvantages

Optical components of an SLR camera

Cross-section view of SLR system:
1 - Front-mount lens (4-element Tessar design)
2 - Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle
3 - Focal plane shutter
4 - Film or sensor
5 - Focusing screen
6 - Condenser lens
7 - Optical glass pentaprism (or pentamirror)
8 - Eyepiece (can have diopter correction ability)

A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), is reflected by the mirror (2) and is projected on the matte focusing screen(5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece (8). When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its critical 45 degree angle in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor(4) in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.

This feature distinguishes SLRs from other cameras as the photographer sees the image composed exactly as it will be captured on the film or sensor (see Advantages below).

Pentaprisms and penta-mirrors

A perspective drawing showing how a pentaprism corrects a laterally reversed SLR image.

Most SLRs use a roof pentaprism or penta-mirror to direct the light to the eyepiece, but there are other finder viewing capabilities, such as the waist-level finder, the interchangeable sports finders used on the Canon F1, F1n and F1; the Nikon F, F2, F3, F4 and F5; and the Pentax LX. The first 35mm SLR camera with a prism was the 1949 Contax S from East Germany, while the first Japanese was the 1955 Miranda T.

Another prism design was the porro prism system used in the Olympus Pen F, the Pen FT, the Pen FV half-frame 35 mm SLR cameras. This was later utilized on the Olympus EVOLT E-3x0 series, the Leica Digilux 3 and the Panasonic DMC-L1.

Lastly, a photographer can also purchase a right-angle finder which slips onto the eyepiece of most SLR's and D-SLR's and allows viewing through a waist-level viewfinder. There is also a finder which provides EVF remote capability.

Shutter mechanisms

Focal plane shutters

Almost all contemporary SLRs use a focal plane shutter located in front of the film plane, which prevents the light from reaching the film even if the lens is removed, except when the shutter is actually released during the exposure. There are various designs for focal plane shutters. Early focal plane shutters designed from the 1930s onwards usually consisted of two curtains that travelled horizontally across the film gate: an opening shutter curtain followed by a closing shutter curtain. During fast shutter speeds, the focal plane shutter would form a 'slit' whereby the second shutter curtain was closely following the first opening shutter curtain to produce a narrow, vertical opening, with the shutter slit moving horizontally. The slit would get narrower as shutter speeds were increased. Initially these shutters were made from a cloth material (which was in later years often rubberised), but some manufacturers utilised other materials instead. Nippon Kōgaku (now Nikon Corporation), for example, utilised titanium foil shutters for several of their flagship SLR cameras, including the Nikon F, F2, and F3. Nowadays these shutters are very rarely found in new SLRs, though Leica continues to use them in their M-System rangefinders.

Other focal plane shutter designs, such as the Copal Square, travelled vertically - the shorter travelling distance of 24 millimetres (as opposed to 36 mm horizontally) meant that minimum exposure and flash synchronisation times could be reduced. These shutters are usually manufactured from metal, and utilise the same moving-slit principle as horizontally-travelling shutters. They differ, though, in usually being formed of several slats or blades, rather than single curtains as with horizontal designs, as there is rarely enough room above and below the frame for a one-piece shutter. Vertical shutters became very common in the 1980s (though Konica, Mamiya, and Copal first pioneered their use in the 1950s and 1960s) and are almost exclusively utilised for new cameras. Nikon again pioneered the use of titanium for vertical shutters, using a special honeycomb pattern on the blades to reduce their weight and achieve world-record speeds in 1982 of 1/4000 second for non-sync shooting, and 1/250 with x-sync. Nowadays most such shutters are manufactured from cheaper aluminium (though some high-end cameras utilise materials such as carbon-fibre and Kevlar.

Rotary focal plane shutter

One unusual design, the Olympus Pen half-frame 35 mm SLR system, manufactured by Olympus in Japan, used a rotary focal plane shutter mechanism which was extremely simple and elegant in design. This shutter utilised titanium foil but consisted of one piece of metal with a fixed opening, which allowed electronic flash synchronisation up to and including its maximum speed of 1/500 of a second – rivalling the capabilities of leaf-shutter systems

Another 35 mm camera system that used a rotary shutter,^{[citation needed]} was the Robot Royal cameras, most of which were rangefinder 35 mm cameras. Some of these cameras were full-frame; some were half-frame, and at least one Robot camera produced an unusual square-sized image on the 35 mm frame.

The Mercury II, produced in 1946, also used a rotary shutter. This was a half-frame 35mm camera.

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Leaf shutters

Another shutter system is the leaf shutter, whereby the shutter is constructed of diaphragm-like blades and can be situated either between the lens or behind the lens. If the shutter is part of a lens assembly some other mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures.

An example of a behind-the-lens leaf shutter is found in the 35 mm SLR's produced by Kodak, with their Retina Reflex camera line; Topcon, with their Auto 100; and Kowa with their SE-R and SET-R reflexes.

A primary example of a medium-format SLR with a between-the-lens leaf shutter system would be Hasselblad, with their 500C, 500CM, 500 EL-M (a motorized Hasselblad) and other models (producing a 2 1/4' square negative {or 6 cm x 6 cm metric}). Hasselblads use an auxiliary shutter blind situated behind the lens mount and the mirror system to prevent the fogging of film.

Other medium-format SLRs also using leaf shutters include the now discontinued Zenza-Bronica camera system lines such as the Bronica ETRs, the ETRs'i (both producing a 6 cm. x 4.5 cm. image), the SQ and the SQ-AI (producing a 2 1/4' or 6 x 6 cm. image like the Hasselblad), and the Zenza-Bronica G system (2 1/4' x 2 3/4' inch or 6 cm. x 7 cm.). Certain Mamiya medium-format SLRs, discontinued camera systems such as the Kowa 6 and a few other camera models also used between-the-lens leaf shutters in their lens systems.

Thus, anytime a photographer purchased a lens for the Hasselblad, with the exception of the older Hasselblad 1000f and other focal-plane shutter Hasselblads; or the Zenza-Bronica ETR, ETR-S, ETR-Si, the SQ, the SQ-Ai, the SQ-B, and the G series (with the exception of older Bronica cameras such as the Bronica Deluxe, the Bronica S, the Bronica S2), or the bigger system Mamiya RB-67, RB-67 Pro, RB-67 Pro S (mechanical) and RZ (electronically controlled shutter) cameras, that lens included a leaf shutter in its lens mount.

Because leaf shutters synchronized electronic flash at all shutter speeds especially at fast shutter speeds of 1/500 of a second or faster, cameras utilizing leaf shutters were more desirable to studio photographers who used sophisticated studio electronic flash systems.

Some manufacturers of medium-format 2 1/4' SLR cameras also made leaf-shutter lenses for their focal plane shutter models. Rollei made at least two such lenses for their Rolleiflex SL-66 medium format, 2 1/4' camera, which was a focal-plane shutter SLR. Rollei later switched to a camera system of leaf-shutter design, (i.e., the 6006 and 6008 reflexes to name a few) and their current medium-format SLR's are now all of the between-the-lens shutter design.

Further developments

Parts

Since the technology became widespread in the 1970s, SLRs have become the main photographic instrument used by dedicated amateur photographers and professionals. Some photographers of static subjects (such as architecture, landscape, and some commercial subjects), however, prefer view cameras because of the capability to control perspective.^[1] With a triple-extension bellows 4' x 5' camera such as the Linhof SuperTechnika V, the photographer can correct certain distortions such as 'keystoning', where the image 'lines' converge (i.e., photographing a building by pointing a typical camera upward to include the top of the building). Perspective correction lenses are available in the 35 mm and medium formats to correct this distortion with film cameras, and it can also be corrected after the fact with photo software when using digital cameras. The photographer can also extend the bellows to its full length, tilt the front standard and perform photomacrography (commonly known as 'macro photography'), producing a sharp image with depth-of-field without stopping down the lens diaphgram.

History

Main article: History of the single-lens reflex camera

The Contaflex III a single-lens reflex camera from West Germany from 1957, with additional 115 mm objectiv	The 1952 (Pentax) Asahiflex, Japan's first single-lens reflex camera	The 35 mm film-based Nikon F, 1959, the world's first system camera	Olympus The 35 mm film-based Olympus OM-2, which was the first SLR to measure light for electronic flash at the shutter curtain.
Two Classic 35 mm SLR film cameras: the Canon AE-1 and the Minolta X-700	Nikon F5 professional SLR	Digital SLR Nikon D200 and a Nikon film scanner	Medium format SLR by Hasselblad

Large format SLR cameras were probably first marketed with the introduction of C.R. Smith's Monocular Duplex (USA, 1884).^[2] SLRs for smaller exposure formats were launched in the 1920s by several camera makers. The Soviet Union's Спорт (“Sport”),^[3] a very smart design with a 24 mm x 36 mm frame size was the first SLR camera, first prototype was developed in 1934 and market in 1937. K. Nüchterlein's Ihagee Kine-Exakta (Germany, 1936) was the first 35 mm SLR entered the market. Further Exakta models, all with waist-level finders, were produced up to and during World War II. Another ancestor of the modern SLR camera was the Swiss-made Alpa, which was innovative, and influenced the later Japanese cameras. The first eye-level SLR viewfinder was patented in Hungary on August 23, 1943 by Jenő Dulovits, who then designed the first 35 mm camera with one, the Duflex, which used a system of mirrors to provide a laterally correct, upright image in the eye-level viewfinder. The Duflex, which went into serial production in 1948, was also the world's first SLR with an instant-return (a.k.a. autoreturn) mirror.

The first commercially produced SLR that employed a roof pentaprism was the East GermanContax S, announced on May 20, 1949.

The Japanese adopted and further developed the SLR. In 1952, Asahi developed the Asahiflex and in 1954, the Asahiflex IIB. In 1957, the Asahi Pentax combined the fixed pentaprism and the right-hand thumb wind lever. Nikon, Canon and Yashica introduced their first SLRs in 1959 (the F, Canonflex, and Pentamatic, respectively).

Through-the-lens light metering

As a small matter of history, the first 35 mm camera (non-SLR) to feature through the lens light metering may have been Nikon, with a prototype rangefinder camera, the SPX. According to the below website, the camera used Nikon 'S' type rangefinder lenses.^[4]

Through-the-lens light metering is also known as 'behind-the-lens metering'. In the SLR design scheme, there were various placements made for the metering cells, all of which utilized CdS (Cadmium sulfide) photocells. The cells were either located in the pentaprism housing, where they metered light transmitted through the focusing screen; underneath the reflex mirror glass itself, which was Topcon's design; or in front of the shutter mechanism, which was the design used by Canon with their Canon Pellix.

Pentax was the first manufacturer to show an early prototype 35 mm behind-the-lens metering SLR camera, which was named the Pentax Spot Matic. The camera was shown at the 1960 Photokina show. However, the first Through-the-lens (TTL) light metering SLR on the market was the 1963 Topcon RE Super, which had the CdS metering cell placed behind the reflex mirror. The mirror had narrow slits cut into the surface to let the light reach the cell providing average metering. Late in the following year, a production model of the Pentax Spotmatic was shown whose CdS light meter cells were on the pentaprism , reading the light off the focusing screen providing avarage reading, yet keeping the Spotmatic name, but now written in one word. Another clever design appeared in 1965, the Canon Pellix employing a pellicle mirror which is semi-transparent, placing the meter cell on an arm swinging into the lightpass behind the mirror for meter reading.

Mamiya Sekor came out with cameras such as the Mamiya Sekor TL and various other versions. Yashica introduced the TL Super. Both of these cameras used M42 screw thread lenses as did the Pentax Spotmatic. Later on Fujica introduced their ST-701, then ST-801 and ST-901 cameras. The ST-701 was the first SLR to use a silicon cell photodiode, which was more sensitive than CdS and was immune to the memory effect that the CdS cell suffered from in bright sunlight. Gradually, other 35 mm SLR camera manufacturers changed their behind-the-lens meters from CdS cells to Silicon Diode photocells.

Other manufacturers responded and introduced their own behind-the-lens metering cameras. Nikon and Miranda, at first, simply upgraded their interchangeable pentaprisms to include behind-the-lens metering (for Nikon F, and Miranda D, F, Fv and G models) and these manufacturers also bought out other camera models with built-in behind-the-lens metering capability, such as the Nikkormat FT and the Miranda Sensorex (which used an external coupling diaphragm). Minolta introduced the SRT-101, which used Minolta's proprietary system which they referred to as 'CLC', which was an acronym for 'contrast light compensation', which metered differently from an average metering behind-the-lens camera.

Some German manufacturers also introduced cameras such as the Zeiss Ikon Contarex family, which was one of very few 35 mm SLR to use interchangeable film backs.

Inexpensive leaf-shutter cameras also benefited from behind-the-lens metering as, Topcon introduced the Auto 100 with front-mount interchangeable lenses designed only for that camera, and one of the Zeiss Ikon Contaflex leaf shutter cameras. Kowa manufactured their SET-R which had similar specifications.

Within months, manufacturers decided to bring out models that provided limited area metering, such as Nikon's Photomic Tn finder, which concentrated 60% of the CdS cells sensitivity on the inner circle of the focusing screen and 30% on the surrounding area. Canon used spot metering in the unusual Canon Pellix camera, which also had a stationary mirror system that allowed approximately 70% of the light to travel to the film plane and 30% to the photographer's eye. This system, unfortunately, degraded the native resolution of the attached lens and provided less illumination to the eyepiece. It did have the advantage of having less vibration than other SLR cameras but this was not sufficient to attract professionals to the camera in numbers.

Semi-automatic exposure capabilities

While auto-exposure was commonly used in the early 1960s with various 35 mm fixed lens rangefinder cameras such as the Konica Auto 'S', and other cameras such as the Polaroid Land cameras whose early models used selenium cell meters, auto-exposure for interchangeable lens SLR's was a feature that was largely absent, except for a few early leaf-shutter SLR's such as the Kowa SE-R and Topcon Auto 100.

The types of automation found in some of these cameras consisted of the simple programmed shutter, whereby the camera's metering system would select a mechanically-set series of apertures with shutter speeds, one setting of which would be sufficient for the correct exposure. In the case of the above-mentioned Kowa and Topcon, automation was semi-automatic, where the camera's CDs meter would select the correct aperture only.

Autoexposure, technically known as semi-automatic exposure, where the camera's metering system chooses either the shutter speed or the aperture, was finally introduced by the Savoyflex and popularized by Konishiroku in the 1965 Konica Auto-Reflex. This camera was of the 'shutter-priority' type automation, which meant that the camera selected the correct aperture automatically. This model also had the interesting ability to photograph in 35 mm full-frames or half-frames, all selected by a lever.

Other SLR's soon followed, but because of limitations with their lens mounts, the manufacturers of these cameras had to choose 'aperture-priority' automation, where the camera's metering system selects the correct shutter speed. As one example, Pentax introduced the Electro Spotmatic, which was able to use the then considerable bulk of 42 mm screw-mount lenses produced by various manufacturers. Yashica, another screw-mount camera manufacturer, soon followed.

Canon, which produced the FD lens mount (known as the breech-mount; a unique lens mounting system that combines the advantages of screw-mount and bayonet-mount) introduced their shutter priority 35 mm SLR, the Canon EF in 1976 or so. This camera's build quality was almost the equal of their flagship camera, the Canon F1, and featured a copal-square vertically-travelling focal plane shutter which could synchronize electronic flash at shutter speeds up to and including 1/125 of a second, thus making this a good second-body camera for the professional photographer.

Nikon at first produced an aperture-priority camera, but later made subtle changes on the inside of their bayonet mount which allowed for shutter-priority automation without obsoleting the photographers lenses.

Full-program auto-exposure

Minolta XD-11 (also XD-7 and XD)
Type:	35 mm SLR
Lens mount:	Minolta MD mount
Focus:	Manual focus SLR
Exposure:	Shutter and aperture priority autoexposure
Flash:	Hot shoe only; no PC connector
Dimensions:	51 × 86 × 136 mm, 560 g

Full-program auto-exposure soon followed with the advent of the Minolta XD-11.^[5] This SLR had a 'P' mode on the shutter speed dial, and a lock on the aperture ring to allow the lens to be put on 'Auto' mode. Other manufacturers soon followed with Nikon introducing the FA, Canon introducing the A1, and Pentax introducing the Super Program. Olympus, however, continued with 'aperture-priority' automation in their OM system line.

The 1970s and 1980s saw steadily increasing use of electronics, automation, and miniaturization, including integrated motor driven film advance with the Konica FS-1 in 1979,^{[citation needed]} and motor rewind functions.

Autofocus

The first autofocus 35 mm SLR was the Pentax ME-F released in 1981.^[6]

The Minolta Maxxum 7000, released in 1985, was the first 35 mm SLR with integrated autofocus and motorized film-advance winder, which became the standard configuration for SLR cameras from then on. This development had significant impact on the photographic industry.

Some manufacturers discarded their existing lens systems to compete with other manufacturer's autofocus capability in their new cameras. This was the case for Canon, with its new EOS lens line. Other manufacturers chose to adapt their existing lens systems for autofocus capability, as was the case with Nikon and Pentax. This allowed photographers to continue using their existing lenses, which greatly reduced the cost of upgrading. For example, almost all Nikon lenses from the 1960s and later still function on the current Nikon bodies, only lacking autofocus. Still some manufacturers, notably Leica with its R-system lenses, and Contax with its Zeiss lenses, decided to keep their lens mounts non-autofocus.

Typical film SLR viewfinder information

From the late 1980s competition and technical innovations made 35 mm camera systems more versatile and sophisticated by adding more advanced light metering capabilities such as spot-metering; limited area metering such as used by Canon with the F1 series; matrix metering as used by Nikon, exposure communication with dedicated electronic flash units. The user interface also changed on many cameras, replacing meter needle displays which were galvanometer-based and thereby fragile, with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and then with more comprehensive liquid crystal displays (LCDs) both in the SLR viewfinder and externally on the cameras' top plate using an LCD screen. Wheels and buttons replaced the shutter dial on the camera and the aperture ring on the lens on many models, although some photographers still prefer shutter dials and aperture rings. Some manufacturers introduced image stabilization on certain lenses to combat camera shake and to allow longer hand-held exposures without using a tripod. This feature is especially useful with long telephoto lenses.

Digital SLRs (DSLRs)

Canon, Nikon and Pentax have all developed digital SLR cameras using the same lens mounts as on their respective film SLR cameras.^{[citation needed]} Konica Minolta did the same, but in 2006 sold their camera technology to Sony, who now build DSLRs based on the Minolta lens mount. Samsung builds DSLRs based on the Pentax lens mount. Olympus, on the other hand, chose to create a new digital-only Four Thirds System SLR standard, adopted later by Panasonic and Leica.

Contax came out with a DSLR model, the Contax N-Digital. Unfortunately this model was too late and too expensive for competition with other camera manufacturers. The Contax N-digital was the last Contax to use that maker's lens system, and the camera, while having impressive features such as a full-frame sensor, was expensive and lacked sufficient write-speed to the memory card for it to be seriously considered by some professional photographers.

Film formats

Early SLRs were built for large format photography, but this film format has largely lost favor among professional photographers. SLR film-based cameras have been produced for most film formats as well as for digital formats. These film-based SLRs use the 35 mm format as, this film format offers a variety of emulsions and film sensitivity speeds, usable image quality and a good market cost. 35 mm film comes in a variety of exposure lengths: 20 exposure, 24 exposure and 36 exposure rolls. Medium format SLRs provide a higher-quality image with a negative that can be more easily retouched than the smaller 35 mm negative, when this capability is required.

A small number of SLRs were built for APS such as the Canon IXUS and the Nikon Pronea cameras. SLRs were also introduced for film formats as small as Kodak's 110, such as the Pentax Auto 110 which had interchangeable lenses.

Common features

Other features found on many SLR cameras include through-the-lens (TTL) metering and sophisticated flash control referred to as 'dedicated electronic flash'. In a dedicated system, once the dedicated electronic flash is inserted into the camera's hot shoe and turned on, there is then communication between camera and flash. The camera's synchronization speed is set, along with the aperture. Many camera models on the market today actually measure the light that reflects off of the film plane, controls the flash duration of the electronic flash (some flash units have a flash duration range of 1/1000 of a second to 1/50,000 of a second), and then terminate exposure when the camera has received enough light for the exposure.

Some electronic flash units can send out several short bursts of flash to measure the distance, use the camera's inboard sensor(s) to determine the amount of light that is reflected from the subject, then send out a main pulse of light of just the right amount of light energy for a perfectly exposed photograph. Sophisticated cameras can even make it easy for the photographer to balance electronic flash and available light for an evenly balanced scene. While these capabilities are hardly unique to the SLR, manufacturers included them early on in the top models, whereas the best rangefinder cameras adopted such features later.

Cut-away of a Minolta XG7 film-based SLR

Advantages

Many of the advantages of SLR cameras derive from viewing and focusing the image through the attached lens. Most other types of cameras do not have this function; subjects are seen through a viewfinder that is near the lens, making the photographer's view different from that of the lens. SLR cameras provide photographers with precision and confidence; they provide a viewing image that will be exposed onto the negative exactly as it is seen through the lens. There is no parallax error, and exact focus can be confirmed by eye — especially in macro photography and when photographing using long telephoto lenses. The depth of field may be seen by stopping down to the attached lens aperture, which is only possible on most SLR cameras except for the least expensive models. Because of the SLR's versatility, most manufacturers have a vast range of lenses and accessories available for them.

Linhof Monocular Reflex Viewfinder Camera

Compared to most fixed-lens compact cameras, the most commonly used and inexpensive SLR lenses offer a wider aperture range and larger maximum aperture (typically f/1.4 to f/1.8 for a 50 mm lens). This allows photographs to be taken in lower light conditions without flash, and allows a narrower depth of field, which is useful for blurring the background behind the subject, making the subject more prominent. 'Fast' lenses are commonly used in theater photography, portrait photography, surveillance photography, and all other photography requiring a large maximum aperture.

The variety of lenses also allows for the camera to be used and adapted in many different situations. This provides the photographer with considerably more control (i.e., how the image is viewed and framed) than would be the case with a view camera. In addition, some SLR lenses are manufactured with extremely long focal lengths, allowing a photographer to be a considerable distance away from the subject and yet still expose a sharp, focused image. This is particularly useful if the subject includes dangerous animals (e.g., wildlife); the subject prefers anonymity to being photographed; or else, the photographer's presence is unwanted (e.g., celebrity photography or surveillance photography). Practically all SLR and DSLR camera bodies can also be attached to telescopes and microscopes via an adapter tube to further enhance their imaging capabilities.

Disadvantages

In most cases, single-lens reflex cameras cannot be made as small or as light as other camera designs — such as rangefinder cameras, autofocus compact cameras and digital cameras with electronic viewfinders (EVF) — owing to the mirror box and pentaprism/pentamirror. The mirror box also prevents lenses from having rear elements closer to the film or sensor to be mounted unless the camera has a mirror lockup feature; this means that simple designs for wide angle lenses cannot be used. Instead, larger and more complex retrofocus designs are required.

During an exposure the viewfinder is blocked

The SLR mirror 'blacks-out' the viewfinder image during the exposure. In addition, the movement of the reflex mirror takes time, limiting the maximum shooting speed. The mirror system can also cause noise and vibration. Partially-reflective (pellicle) fixed mirrors avoid these problems and have been used in a very few designs including the Canon Pellix and the Canon EOS-1N RS, but these designs introduce their own problems. These pellicle mirrors reduce the amount of light travelling to the film plane or sensor and also can distort the light passing through them, resulting in a less-sharp image. To avoid the noise and vibration, many professional cameras offer a mirror lock-up feature, however, this feature totally disables the SLR's automatic focusing ability.

Electronic viewfinders have the potential to give the 'viewing-experience' of a DSLR (through-the-lens viewing) without many of the disadvantages, but as of 2006 sensor capability and display technology is insufficient for wide acceptance among the advanced amateur or professional markets that purchase and use digital SLRs. The SLRs and DSLRs will probably continue as the foremost system because of the superiority in the use of the viewing and focusing optical system.

Reliability of SLRs

SLRs vary widely in their construction and typically have bodies made of plastic or magnesium. Most manufacturers don't cite durability specifications, but some report shutter life expectancies for professional models. For instance, the Canon EOS 1Ds MkII is rated for 200,000 shutter cycles and the newer Nikon D3 is rated for 300,000 with its exotic carbon fiber/kevlar shutter. Because many SLRs have interchangeable lenses, there is a tendency for dust, sand and dirt to get into the main body of the camera through the mirror box when the lens is removed, thus dirtying or even jamming the mirror movement mechanism or the shutter curtain mechanism itself. In addition, these particles can also jam or otherwise hinder the focusing feature of a lens if they enter into the focusing helicoid. The problem of sensor cleaning has been somewhat reduced in DSLRs as some cameras have a built-in sensor cleaning unit.

Price and affordability

The price of SLRs in general also tends to be somewhat higher than that of other types of cameras, owing to their internal complexity. This is compounded by the expense of additional components, such as flashes or lenses. The initial investment in equipment can be prohibitive enough to keep some casual photographers away from SLRs, although the market for used SLRs has become larger particularly as photographers migrate to digital systems.

Live Preview

Previously digital SLRs could not display a live preview on their rear LCD displays, unlike digicams or bridge cameras, and had to be held to the eye to view and compose the image. The situation has changed with the arrival of the Olympus E-330, Olympus E-410, Olympus E-510, Panasonic DMC-L1, Panasonic DMC-L10, Pentax K20D, Leica Digilux 3, Canon EOS 1000D, Canon EOS 450D, Canon EOS 500D, Canon EOS 40D, Canon EOS 50D, Canon EOS 7D, Canon EOS-1D Mark III,Nikon D300, Nikon D90 and the Nikon D5000 as well as Alpha DSLR-A350 cameras.

Movie modes

The Nikon D90 is the first DSLR to offer video recording, with the ability to record HD 720p videos, with mono sound, at 24 frames per second (for up to 5 minutes or 20 minutes for smaller videos). One limitation however is that it can't autofocus continuously during the recording.

The Canon EOS 5D Mark II is the first DSLR to offer full high definition (1080p) video recording in addition to 720p, although this is now also supported by the Canon EOS 7D, the Canon EOS 1D Mark IV and the Canon EOS 550D.

The Canon EOS 500D, Nikon D5000 and D300s and the Pentax K-7 were introduced in the spring of 2009 as consumer-level DSLRs featuring video recording capabilities.

Future of SLRs

For the foreseeable future, film-based SLRs will still be produced, as is still the case with the 35 mm film-based Nikon F6, and some other 35 mm SLR models. This is certainly true with the medium-format film-based SLRs. Film has certain result advantages. It appears inevitable that the Digital Single Lens Reflex camera design will eclipse film SLR's design in convenience, sales and popularity. These cameras are currently the marketing 'favorite' among advanced amateur and professional photographers.^[7][8][9]

See also

Photography portal

References

1. ^Tal, Guy. 'Introduction to Large Format'. Nature Photographers Online Magazine. http://www.naturephotographers.net/articles0703/gt0703-1.html. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
2. ^ One was patented in 1861 (Thomas Sutton), but it is not clear if a second example was ever produced; Calvin Rae Smith's design of a Patent Monocular Duplex camera was advertised and sold. Spira, The History of Photography, 119.
3. ^A. O. Gelgar's Sport
4. ^Stephen, Gandy. 'Nikon Shibata Book'. Stephen Gandy's CameraQuest. http://www.cameraquest.com/nrfstory.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
5. ^'The Rokkor Files the minolta xd series 1977-1984'. The Rokkor Files. October 2, 2007. http://www.rokkorfiles.com/XD11.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
6. ^Pentax Imaging Company. 'History of Innovations 1980–1989'. Pentax history of innovations. http://www.pentaximaging.com/world_of_pentax/history_of_innovations/1980-1989/index.jsp. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
7. ^Michael Hohner (February 24, 2007). 'The future of digital SLRs'. http://www.mhohner.de/essays/digitalfuture.php. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
8. ^Shutterbug Magazine Editors (December, 2006). 'Future Tech; A Look At What’s Ahead For Photography In 2007…And Beyond'. http://www.shutterbug.net/pointofview/1206futuretech/. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
9. ^Ibarionex R. Perello (UNKNOWN). 'Where Are Digital SLRs Going?'. PCPhoto. http://www.pcphotomag.com/features/featured-articles/where-are-digital-slrs-going.html. Retrieved 2007-12-07.

Further reading

• Spira, S. F. The History of Photography as Seen through the Spira Collection. New York: Aperture, 2001. ISBN 0-89381-953-0.

External links

• Photography in Malaysia's Contax History, Part II.

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• 6x eTone Magnifier Focusing loupe for 4x5' 8x10' Large Format Camera

  Using the neck strap to hang the loupe on chest, it can avoid lost and easy to use. Loupe height: 109mm/4.29in. Loupe weight: 176g. The ABS soft plastic ring on the bottom (the side will touch with ground glass) is designing for preventing scratching.

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• 6x Focusing loupe lupe for 4x5' 8x10' Large Format Camera Linhof Wista horseman

  6x magnification. Designed for ground glass viewing. Rubber cap and hood and non reflective inner lining.

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  From China

• Hening Type II MC 6x Focusing Loupe Lupe Diopter Adjust For 4x5' 8x10' Camera CN

  Product Features: * The glass are multi-coated to minimizes the aberrations and distortion, 6x magnification to ensure the clear and sharp image. * Non-reflective lining to reduce reflection inside the barrel. * Unique flatcap to allow checking to the very corner. * Inside the metal barrel is mat surface, outside is wrapped by non-slipery fubber. Both ends are soft rubber caps which protect your eyes and ground glass. * Removable barrel to allow diopter adjustment. Length: 13-15cm, diameter: 3cm, weight: 65g, comes with neck strap and soft pouch.

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  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• Chamonix all kind of film camera accessories

  Extension board. lens supports.

  From China

  C $39.31 shipping

• Toyo 4x5 45 rubber magnifier loupe - monocular style GOOD from japan 450816

  A blemish on loupe. It cannot declare lower than commodity prices. Body;The exterior the body is Very Good ! mark on the body. The crack is repaired by bond.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $47.17 shipping

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: TOYO

• Monocular Reflex Focusing Viewfinder For Linhof Technika 4x5 Large Format Camera

  Right Angled Viewfinder For Linhof 4x5 Monocular 90 degree right angled viewfinder for Linhof 4x5 large format view and field camera, it can be rotated for vertical viewing in portrait mode and provides 2x image magnification, compatible with all Linhof 4x5 field and view large format cameras, excluded Technika III.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $248.93

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• NEW Mono Right Angled Viewfinder For Toyo Horseman Omega 45A II 45C 45G 45GX

  Monocular 90 Degree Right Angled Viewfinder For Toyo Horseman Omega 4x5 Camera Brand new monocular 90 degree right angle reflex viewfinder for Toyo, Omega, Horseman 4x5 large format camera, it can be rotated for vertical viewing in portrait mode and provides 2x image magnification, compatible with all Toyo, Omega, Horseman 4x5 field and view large format cameras.

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  Was: Previous PriceC $248.93

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• *Good* Linhof Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5 from Japan #2980

  Finder Optics / Glass. NEAR MINTAlmost no signs of use, mint condition. As isFor parts or repair, exhibiting other significant operational problems. Condition : Good. We will do our best to find it for you.

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  C $26.21 shipping

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• 6x Focusing Loupe Linhof Toyo Sinar Ebony Horseman 4x5 8x10 Large Format Camera

  Exterior design: 1. The barrel is made by metal, there has groove designing to prevent from sliding down, so it is very convenient for holding. 2. The ring on the upper part is for neck strap hanging, which will be sent as a gift with the loupe. Using the neck strap to hang the loupe on chest, it can avoid lost and easy to use. 3. The ABS soft plastic ring on the bottom (the side will touch with ground glass) is designing for preventing scratching. Optical design: Large visible area, adopted multi-layer coating and 4 pieces 2 groups programming, reducing distortion greatly and eliminating chromatic aberration as much as possible. Details: Loupe height: 109mm/4.29in. Loupe weight: 176g. Loupe Diameter: 32.2mm/1.27in. Package: 1 eTone 6x loupe, 1 neck strap, 1 red cylindrical box.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $111.36

  From Hong Kong

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $393.06

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• [Exc+5] Horseman 6x Long Lupe Loupe Focusing Magnifier From Japan #251

  [Exc+5] Horseman 6x Long Lupe Loupe Focusing Magnifier. From Japan #251. Appearance : Exc+5. Optics : Exc+5. This item is sold out everywhere in Japan and very hard to get it! tiny scuffs from normal use.

  From Japan

  C $26.21 shipping

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: Horseman

• Gaoersi 8x Focusing Loupe For 4x5' 8x10' Large Format Camera Linhof Wista Toyo

  Lens is a high grade optical glass with adjustable diaopter. You are responsible for them,and we do not know how much they will be.

  From China

  C $13.09 shipping

• 90 Degree Right Angle Mono Viewfinder For Horseman 45FA 45HD LD LE VH 4x5 Camera

  Right Angled Viewfinder For Horseman 4x5 Monocular 90 degree right angled viewfinder for Horseman 4x5 large format view and field camera, it can be rotated for vertical viewing in portrait mode and provides 2x image magnification, compatible with almost all Horseman 4x5 field and view large format cameras. PS: If you are not so sure, welcome to contact with us for confirmation first.

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  C $32.76 shipping

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• Horseman Universal Zoom Finder

  Flash Adapter. · See pictures under - Actual shooting. · Include Flash Adapter.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $45.86 shipping

  From Korea, SouthType: ViewfinderBrand: Horseman

• Linhof Universal Zoom Finder / 6x9 Mask

  · Finder glass coating is no good. ( See Photo ). · RA ~ traking number. · See pictures under - Actual shooting. · All functions operate properly.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $19.65 shipping

  From Korea, SouthType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• Linhof Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5 *LU331

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $424.51

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• AGFA NATARIX 50MM VIEWFINDER, VIEW FINDER FOR CLOSE-UP, MACRO IN CASE W/ SHOE

  Finder is in very nice condition. The plastic show minor scuff marks, small scratches, no dings, no dents. Shows handling wear. No haze, no fungus, no scratches. Shows a bright and clean view. No exceptions!

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $78.62

  From NetherlandsType: Viewfinder

  or Best Offer

  Brand: Unbranded

• 【 Near Mint 】 Horseman Lupe Loupe 7x for Large Format Camera from JAPAN #76

  Pre-owned, heavy signs of use. tiny scuffs from normal use. Beautiful condition. Excellent+++++. I send a product by EMS.

  From Japan

  C $19.64 shipping

  Brand: Horseman

• Linhof Technika universal finder 4x5' in extremely good condition!

  Made in Germany.

  From Sweden

  Was: Previous PriceC $786.15

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

  11 sold

• LINHOF MASTER TECHNIKA 9x12 / 4x5 Multifocus Optical Viewfinder From JAPAN #905

  LINHOF MASTER TECHNIKA 9x12 / 4x5 Multifocus Optical Viewfinder. From JAPAN #905. Finder :★★★★ ★. ■ Optical Works properly. ■ Function :★★★★★.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $39.29 shipping

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• Cambo T-20 4x5 Monocular Reflex Viewing Hood

  4 x 5 Monocular Reflex Viewer. · Monocular. No cracks in the hood. answer quickly and honestly. · Mounts to ground glass back. Local Pickup is possible. · Perfect for Copy stand applications. · 2.5x Magnification.

  0 bids

  C $51.70 shipping

  Ending Wednesday at 10:39 EDT12h 11mFrom United StatesBrand: CamboCustoms services and international tracking provided

• 6x Focusing Loupe Lupe (Multi Coated) For 4x5' 8x10' Camera - Hening Type II

  6x magnification. United Kingdom, Russia, Norway, Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark. with soft case. Designed for ground glass viewing. United States, Canada, Brazil.

  From Hong Kong

  Free shipping

• 【Near MINT】TOYO View Sliding Back Adapter for Toyo 4x5-back from JAPAN

  Back adapter only. RANK: Near MINT. Near Mint Minimal signs of use. MINT Pre-owned, like New. EXC Signs of use, ordinary second hand. Very Good Noticeable scratches, scuffs, or marks. And I do my best to provide you the best service.

  From Japan

  C $32.76 shipping

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: TOYO

• 'EXC++++' HASSELBLAD HC-4 PRISM VIEW FINDER For 500CW 500C/M 500C From japan

  Pre-owned, Like new. tiny scuffs from normal use. There is no fog. I send a product by EMS. Pre-owned, minimal signs of use.

  From Japan

  Was: Previous PriceC $281.57

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: Hasselblad

• Binocular Right Angle Focusing Viewfinder TOYO Horseman 4x5' Large Format Camera

  Binocular Right Angle Reflex Focusing Viewfinder For Toyo 4x5 Camera Free worldwide shipping by trackable registered airmail, USA e-Packet. One PCS of binocular 90 degree right angle reflex focusing viewfinder for Toyo 4x5' large format camera, it can rotate for vertical viewing and provides 2x image magnification, the image of up and down are correct, right and left are reverse, compatible with all Toyo and Horseman 4x5' field large format cameras.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $248.93

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• *N.MINT* LINHOF Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5 w/ 6x9, 4x5' 2 Mask From JAPAN

  LINHOF Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5 w/ 6x9, 4x5' 2 Mask. LINHOF Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5. Finder :★★★★ ★. From JAPAN #747. NEAR MINT . ■ Grade : NEAR MINT . Pre-owned, almost no signs of use.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $32.74 shipping

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• 'Excellent+++++' SINAR binocular reflex magnifier from JAPAN 1903

  Excellent+++++. A few scuff from normal use. It works properly. I send a product by EMS.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $45.86 shipping

  From JapanBrand: Sinar

• GRAFLEX OPTICAL VIEWFINDER FOR PACEMAKER CROWN AND SPEED GRAPHIC+NICE CONDITION

  Top Rated Seller

  C $20.96 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: Graflex

• SINAR 4X5 STANDARD BELLOWS LARGE FORMAT

  One corner is pushed in(see bottom right of last photo). Otherwise excellent.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $38.21 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: SinarCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Schneider Linhof Technika Universal Viewfinder 90-360mm

  Schneider-Kreuznach Linhof Technika Universal Viewfinder. The finder is in perfect working condition. The glass is free of haze. The overall condition is EX.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $31.26 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: LinhofCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Linhof Munchen Sports Finder for Large Format Cameras VERY RARE DESIGN RA03

  Click here to see description.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $116.21

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: LinhofCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Right Angle Reflex Focusing Hood Viewfinder For Sinar 4x5 Norma P1 P2 F1 F2 F3

  Right Angled Reflex Viewfinder For Sinar 4x5 One PCS of binocular 90 degree right angle Viewfinder for Sinar 4x5 large format camera, it provides 2x magnification of the image, the image of up and down are correct, right and left are reverse, it can be rotated for vertical viewing in portrait mode. Compatible with all Sinar 4x5 large format cameras.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $262.04

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• Arca-Swiss Reflex Magnifying Viewer for 6 x 9 View Cameras w/ eye cap 161003

  It is designed to be used in conjunction with the optional Eye Cap to provide a more shaded, clear view during use. Includes magnifiers, and eye cup. There is a small bend at the top mounting rail, but it does not seem to affect mounting or function.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $129.52 shipping

  From United StatesType: Viewfinder

• SINAR 4x5 ORIGINAL SWISS MADE FRESNEL W/ FRAME FITS SPRING BACK OF P, P2, F, F2

  Sinar fresnel. Note the two ‘ears’ on both sides and see if your focus screen holder has the provision for these.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $170.33

  From NetherlandsBrand: Sinar

  or Best Offer

• Linhof Technika 4x5' Distance Scale In Feet For Frame Viewfinder. Ex.

  We honor our Inspection period and Warranty policy. IN USED CONDITION FOR USERS ONLY. IF YOU ARE 'COLLECTOR' OR.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $43.89 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• Focusing Mask Hood Dark Cloth For Ebony 4x5 Camera RW45E SV45 45SU SW45 SV45Ti

  Focusing Mask For Ebony 4x5 Camera Brand new focusing mask, focusing hood for all Ebony folding and non folding 4x5 camera, suck as RW45 RW45E SV45 SV45U2 SV45Ti SV45TE 45SU(C) 45SU 45SC 45S SW45 SW45SII(C) SW45SIII(C) etc.. mask made of genuine leather and frame made of aluminum alloy. This focusing mask is design to shield excess light from the outside, let the ground glass more brighter, making you more convenient with focus and concentrate on the image composition. Note: Please note your camera model by PayPal notes or send us a seperate e-mail after payment received. Camera not included. Color in dark blue, dark green or black, ship randomly depends on the current leather material stock.

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  Free shipping

  From Hong Kong

• FUJIFILM GX 680 Waist Level Finder for GX 680 II III GX680 Series

  FUJIFILM GX 680 Waist Level Finder. I'll try my best to help you minimize it.

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  C $13.10 shipping

  From Hong KongBrand: Fujifilm

• Graflex Pre Anniversary Speed Graphic 3 1/4X 4 1/4 Peep Sight With Screws V59

  Click here to see description.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $24.66

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: Graflex

• Sinar 4x5 Binocular Magnifier 471.21 - EASY FOCUS FOR SINAR VIEW CAMERAS - EX

  This item is in excellent condition. Designed to be attached to a Sinar bellows, the Binocular Magnifier magnifies the view 2x for ease of focusing, especially in bright light conditions. The magnifying lenses are mounted on a carrier that can be swung in and out of the line of vision using the side mounted lever.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $88.31 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: Sinar

• 【 TOP MINT !! 】 Nikon DP-12 Photomic AS Finder For F2 F2AS From JAPAN #234

  TOP MINT Pre-owned, Almost new item. ■ Functional. No problem in the shooting. There is no scratches. I send a product by EMS.

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  C $26.21 shipping

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: Nikon

• set of 2 viewfinder masks LINHOF 100mm & 180mm large format camera lens vintage

  Hello,this is a set of 2 viewfinder masks LINHOF 100mm & 180mm.

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  C $18.34 shipping

  From BulgariaType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• LINHOF TECHNIKA UNIVERSAL FINDER W/ 56X72 MASK

  LINHOF TECHNIKA UNIVERSAL FINDER. Viewfinder can be used for for 135, 150, 180, 210, 240/250, 300 and 360mm lenses. Finder is in good condition. Eye-cup has been modified or replaced. Works perfectly.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $366.87

  From NetherlandsType: Viewfinder

  or Best Offer

  Brand: Linhof

• IKEGAMI VIEWFINDER VF15-46

  <p>IKEGAMI VIEWFINDER VF15-46</p><br><p>Shipping cost covers only the 48 continental states for the rest of the locations please contact us before placing your order </p><br><p>STK# 3 - 533</p>

  From United States

  C $28.25 shipping

  Type: ViewfinderCustoms services and international tracking provided

• JVC VF-P115BU Viewfinder, DC12V, 3.0 W, WORKING

  From United States

  C $32.13 shipping

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: JVC

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  C $18.67 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: Graflex

• TTH Cooke Process Prism 3x3 Inch, High Grade Solid Glass Prism, Vintage Cooke

  This is a used Lens. The focusing is smooth. Serial number of the Lens is 5865781. Basic specs Minimum focus- 2.5m(8.2ft). Lens mount- M42. Aperture range- F4 to F32. Number of aperture blades - 6.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $129.71

  From IndiaType: Viewfinder

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• Arca-Swiss Reflex Magnifying Viewer for 6 x 9 View Cameras w/ eye cap 161003

  +C $129.52 shipping

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• Linhof Technika 4x5' Distance Scale In Feet For Frame Viewfinder. Ex.

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• SINAR 4x5 ORIGINAL SWISS MADE FRESNEL W/ FRAME FITS SPRING BACK OF P, P2, F, F2

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• C $68.12

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• ANTIQUE BRASS GROUND GLASS MAGNIFIER, FOCUS FINDER SLIDES, PLATES, FIELD CAMERA

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• RARE* ROUCH & CO PATENT PORTABLE ARGUS ANTIQUE BRASS FOCUS FINDER, VIEWFINDER

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  +C $39.31 shipping

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• 6x Focusing loupe lupe for 4x5' 8x10' Large Format Camera Linhof Wista horseman

  6x magnification. Designed for ground glass viewing. Rubber cap and hood and non reflective inner lining.

  Top Rated Seller

  Free shipping

  From China

• Monocular Reflex Focusing Viewfinder For Linhof Technika 4x5 Large Format Camera

  Right Angled Viewfinder For Linhof 4x5 Monocular 90 degree right angled viewfinder for Linhof 4x5 large format view and field camera, it can be rotated for vertical viewing in portrait mode and provides 2x image magnification, compatible with all Linhof 4x5 field and view large format cameras, excluded Technika III.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $248.93

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• 6x Focusing Loupe Linhof Toyo Sinar Ebony Horseman 4x5 8x10 Large Format Camera

  Exterior design: 1. The barrel is made by metal, there has groove designing to prevent from sliding down, so it is very convenient for holding. 2. The ring on the upper part is for neck strap hanging, which will be sent as a gift with the loupe. Using the neck strap to hang the loupe on chest, it can avoid lost and easy to use. 3. The ABS soft plastic ring on the bottom (the side will touch with ground glass) is designing for preventing scratching. Optical design: Large visible area, adopted multi-layer coating and 4 pieces 2 groups programming, reducing distortion greatly and eliminating chromatic aberration as much as possible. Details: Loupe height: 109mm/4.29in. Loupe weight: 176g. Loupe Diameter: 32.2mm/1.27in. Package: 1 eTone 6x loupe, 1 neck strap, 1 red cylindrical box.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $111.36

  From Hong Kong

  Lens is a high grade optical glass with adjustable diaopter. You are responsible for them,and we do not know how much they will be.

  From China

  C $13.09 shipping

• Linhof Technika Universal Viewfinder for (90mm to 360mm lenses)

  <p>Linhof Technika Universal Viewfinder for (90mm to 360mm lenses). Includes box and instructions. Condition is Used. Shipped with USPS First Class Package.</p>

  Top Rated Seller

  C $33.71 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: LinhofCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Bino Right Angle Reflex Focusing Hood Viewfinder For Linhof Technika IV V 4x5

  90 Degree Binocular Right Angle Viewfinder For Linhof 4x5 Camera One PCS of binocular 90 degree right angle viewfinder focusing hood for Linhof 4x5 large format camera, it can rotate for vertical viewing and provides 2x image magnification, compatible with all Linhof 4x5 field and view large format cameras Compatible Model: Technika IV, V, Master Technika, Technika 2000, Technikadan S45, 45S Kardan 4x5 color, GT, GTL, ST-E etc... Note: Excluded Technika III.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $262.04

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

  Top Rated Seller

  Free shipping

  From Hong Kong

• *N.MINT* LINHOF Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5 w/ 6x9, 4x5' 2 Mask From JAPAN

  LINHOF Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5 w/ 6x9, 4x5' 2 Mask. LINHOF Universal Zoom Finder 9x12 / 4x5. Finder :★★★★ ★. From JAPAN #747. NEAR MINT . ■ Grade : NEAR MINT . Pre-owned, almost no signs of use.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $32.74 shipping

  From JapanType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• Linhof Universal Finder for 4x5 Technika Camera 75-360mm + Mask Lens Biogon 75

  Glass good condition, minimal signs of use (very minimal visible signs from cleaning). tracing number.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $45.86 shipping

  From Poland

• Schneider Linhof Technika Universal Viewfinder 90-360mm

  Schneider-Kreuznach Linhof Technika Universal Viewfinder. The finder is in perfect working condition. The glass is free of haze. The overall condition is EX.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $31.26 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: LinhofCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Linhof Munchen Sports Finder for Large Format Cameras VERY RARE DESIGN RA03

  Click here to see description.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $116.21

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: LinhofCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Rare - Linhof Finder Mask Technika For 56x72mm Back 2 1/4' x 2 3/4' 180mm N Lens

  This is a Linhof Technika Finder Mask. It is in very good condition. 0605008apr19 50.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $15.89 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: LinhofCustoms services and international tracking provided

• Linhof Technika 4x5' Distance Scale In Feet For Frame Viewfinder. Ex.

  We honor our Inspection period and Warranty policy. IN USED CONDITION FOR USERS ONLY. IF YOU ARE 'COLLECTOR' OR.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $43.89 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• Mono Focusing Hood Right Angle Viewfinder For Linhof Technika VI V 4x5 Camera

  Right Angled Viewfinder For Linhof 4x5 Monocular 90 degree right angled viewfinder for Linhof 4x5 large format view and field camera, it can be rotated for vertical viewing in portrait mode and provides 2x image magnification, compatible with almost all Linhof 4x5 field and view large format cameras. Attention: Technika III will not fits.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $32.76 shipping

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• Folding Monocular Magnifying Reflex Viewer Linhof 4x5 Camera

  Compatible with: Linhof 4x5.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $379.42

  From ChinaBrand: Unbranded

• Linhof Folding Focusing Hood 23 - FOCUS HOOD 001613 FOR LINHOF 6X9 CAMERAS NEW

  The Folding Focusing Hood is spring loaded for easy opening. This item is NEW. Within the US.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $90.60 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: Linhof

• Horseman 6X Lupe for 4X5 TOYO Linhof wisat shen hao Camera Accessories New

  We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $288.19

  From China

  or Best Offer

• View Hood Shade For Linhof Technika 4x5 Camera New Arrival

  We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $167.06

  From China

  Top Rated Seller

  C $26.21 shipping

  From United StatesType: ViewfinderBrand: Fotodiox

• Folding Monocular Magnifying Reflex Viewer For Linhof 4x5 Removeable

  Compatible with: Linhof.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $412.72

  From ChinaBrand: Unbranded

• View Hood Shade For Linhof Technika 4x5 Camera Photo Accessories

  We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $192.54

  From China

  or Best Offer

• For Linhof Technika 4x5 MONOCULAR REFLEX VIEWING HOOD Camera Accessory New

  We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $484.73

  From China

  or Best Offer

• 180mm Vievfinder Mask for Linhof Super Technika 6x9

  A 180mm Vievfinder Mask for Linhof Super Technika 6x9 in very good condition! Made in Germany.

  From Sweden

  Was: Previous PriceC $39.31

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• Ground Glass For SINAR WISNER LINHOF TOYO 5x7 Camera Accessories

  There is a half-stop difference from old glass in most cases.Acid etched is brighter by a stop-BUT-you loose the contrast that is in hand ground glass that makes focusing easier and faster. We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $121.79

  From China

  or Best Offer

• Linhof 100mm Mask N1532

  Looks to be a viewfinder mask. Mask is 45mm square in size with a 15mm, square, window.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $31.45 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: Linhof

• LINHOF PEEP SIGHT FOR WIRE SPORTS FINDER/195254

  LINHOF PEEP SIGHT FOR WIRE SPORTS FINDER, NOT SURE WHICH MODEL IT IS FOR, LOOKS EX-. You are responsible for them, and we do not know how much they will be.

  Top Rated Seller

  C $31.45 shipping

  From United StatesBrand: Linhof

• GENUINE ORIGINAL Linhof Technika BRAND universal viewfinder FINDER

  From United States

  C $37.34 shipping

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• LINHOF TECHNIKA IV, III 2X3”, 6X9CM RANGE FINDER FRAME MASK FOR 65MM LENSES

  Mask is in good condition.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $91.72

  From NetherlandsBrand: Linhof

  or Best Offer

• GENUINE ORIGINAL Linhof Technika BRAND universal viewfinder 4x5 FINDER

  From United States

  C $37.34 shipping

  Type: ViewfinderBrand: Linhof

• 90 Degree Mono Right Angle Reflex Mirror Viewfinder For Linhof 4x5 Large Format

  Monocular Right Angle Reflex Viewfinder For Linhof Free Worldwide Shipping By Trackable Registered Airmail Monocular 90 degree right angle reflex viewfinder for Linhof 4x5 field and view large format camera, made of metal, it can rotate for vertical viewing and provides 2x image magnification, the image of up and down are correct, right and left are reverse, comaptible with all Linhof large format cameras, except Technika III.

  Top Rated Seller

  Free shipping

  From Hong KongType: Viewfinder

• 4X5 Ground Glass Focusing Screen For Sinar Toyo Horseman Linhof Wista

  From Korea, South

  Free shipping

  Brand: Cambo

• Folding Monocular Magnifying Reflex Viewer Linhof 4x5 Camera Accessory

  Compatible with: Linhof 4x5. We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $378.01

  From China

  or Best Offer

• Folding Monocular Magnifying Reflex Viewer Linhof 4x5

  Compatible with: Linhof 4x5. We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $379.32

  From China

• For Linhof Technika 4x5 MONOCULAR REFLEX VIEWING HOOD

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $484.78

  From China

  or Best Offer

• Folding Monocular Magnifying Reflex Viewer For Linhof 4x5 Removeable

  Compatible with: Linhof. We will always do our best to resolve any problems.

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $412.73

  From China

• New! horseman 6X Lupe for 4X5 TOYO Linhof wisat shen hao

  Top Rated Seller

  Was: Previous PriceC $288.24

  From China

  or Best Offer

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